Public Trusts Policy For Induction Of Labour - 786 Words

The purpose of this essay is to explore a local trusts policy for induction of labour due to a prolonged pregnancy and discuss how this has been interpreted from national drivers and then implemented at a local level. To begin with it will define induction of labour and outline the significance of this policy. Moving on it will discuss the national drivers and then look at how the policy has interpreted and delivered the national drivers at a local level. It will also discuss how national driver and policies are monitored and evaluated to determine their success in practice. The essay will conclude with key recommendations for changes in practice. In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2015) anonymity will be maintained throughout. Pairman et al (2015) state that ‘Induction of labour is the artificial initiation of labour before its spontaneous onset, for the purpose of birthing the baby’ (Pairman, Pincombe, Thorogood, Tracy, 2015 p 1015). Additionally, a local trust policy suggestions induction of labour (IOL) is ‘An intervention designed to artificially initiate uterine contractions, leading to progressive effacement and dilatation of the cervix and the birth of the baby.’ (Local Trust, 2011 P3). Both definitions state that the IOL is artificially simulated labour with the intention to birth of the baby. However for the purpose of this essay the definition provided by the local trust will be utilised, as it givesShow MoreRelatedChange Company Profit Based The Surveyor Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagessenior members of staff. Induction processes for new staff is important and employers must provide adequate supervision at all times, inexperienced employees should be treated with ex tra care. It is an employer’s duty to employee competent employees, this is important because of an employer’s vicarious liability for the negligence of its employees. .Improve Labour relation- The surveyor could recommend a more open communication channel between employees and management. â€Å"Good labour relations will fosterRead MoreThe Importance of Coaching and Initial Induction of New Employees4461 Words   |  18 Pagesany level, the initial impression of professionalism and competence will have an impact on the effectiveness and contribution of that employee. It sets out the standards of what is expected in terms of safety, procedures, and performance. A good induction will welcome the new employee and help them to integrate into the business more smoothly. It is important to remember that all employees, new and existing, have skills which may not be fully utilised. When recognised and developed, these skillsRead MoreSick Leave4382 Words   |  18 Pagesconsultation with the employees/Union. Normally there will be compulsory Holiday on May.1 st (Labor Day) and November 1st (Karnataka Rajyotsava) Other Leaves: As the casual Leave, Sick leave Paid leave is concerned the companies have there own leave policies: 1. Casual Leave: Many of the companies in India provides 6-12 casual leaves per Year and we cannot avail more than 3 leaves consequently. 2. Sick Leave: Companies provide 6 to 12 Sick Leaves. Employees who avail sick leave for more than 3 consequentRead MoreA Report On Marketing Manager Essay4142 Words   |  17 PagesTeacher: Teacher is responsible for tutoring, answering questions, recording students’ attendance, marking students’ assignments and giving feedback. (b) Because of the Indian government’s policy, NZAB has to face the truth that they won’t have any new Indian students until there is any change in the policies of Indian government. Therefore, NZAB has to restructure the organization. Most Indian students take Business and IT classes, so those two courses will be affected the most. NZDB will onlyRead MorePhysical Education And School Sport Essay2156 Words   |  9 PagesPhysical Education and School Sport (PESS) has seen many changes to its policy since 1960 up until the present day. PE has changed from a subject that promoted ideologies surrounding military drill, to more recently engaging children in lifelong participation whilst also excelling in a broad range of activities (DfE, 2013). Up until 2000 ‘sport’ dominated government policy documents, with John Major implementing his ‘Raising the game’ ideology. With his main aims being to identify young people withRead MoreA Critical Understanding of the Theories and Principles of Resource Leadership and Management Practice Together with an Analysis of a Current Resource Dilemma Within the Setting.3202 Words   |   13 Pagesattention will be given to the functions within recruitment and selection, employment laws and legislation along with standards that are expected to be adhered to, as these are the essential elements of strategic HMR. â€Å"HRM comprises of a set of policies designed to maximise organisational integration, employee commitment, flexibility and quality of work.† Guest 1987 (as cited in Armstrong 2006, pg 4)   Recruitment and selection is a major HRM function as it covers all organisational practicesRead MoreManage Human Resources As A Manager Essay4627 Words   |  19 Pagesdue to dramatic fall in Indian student they should release staff from teaching, marketing and administration as well. Academic director should give advertisement, recruit, and develop staff for college. They should also Keep in touch with new NZQA policies and imply in college as well. Head of Department- Heads of department are academic leaders in their disciplines and work with their head of college and with other heads of department to deliver University strategic objectives. Heads of departmentRead MoreHuman Resources10735 Words   |  43 Pagesthe non-teaching staff at the College had the combination of management and IT skills necessary for the job, and the lecturers did not want a non-teaching job. The College therefore has to look outside to find a suitable person. Using external labour market information is a good way for a business to look at the kinds of people they should recruit and it can then target its advertisements at the right people for the job. Businesses can look at lots of different employment trends to see whereRead MoreEffects of Retention Strategies on Employee Turnover8857 Words   |  36 PagesSUPERVISED BY: DATE PRESENTED: ABSTRACT This paper presents some of the existing institutional retention strategies and tries to point out their effect on employee turnover. The study intends to establish how recognition and rewards, induction programmes, the working environment and training and career management opportunities influence an institutions rate of employee turnover. It seeks to understand the different retention strategies that organizations employ and their effectivenessRead MoreThe Experience Of Women Who Are Cared For By A General Practitioner ( Gp )2724 Words   |  11 Pageswith this study as it will explore the experiences of women in both models of care and information gained will increase the body of knowledge and will also be the basis of policy recommendations. The limitations in this study will be the way women view pregnancy, labour and birth. For those women who view pregnancy labour and birth as a low risk normal event which require guidance and support, they might see caseload midwifery as the best option. For those viewing birth as a high-risk situation

Essay on Juvenile Runaways in the United States - 1144 Words

Juvenile Runaways in the United States Running away from home is one of the commonest juvenile offenses in America today. Children run to escape, to hide, to start a new life, to change their routine, or to follow a dream. There are 1.3 million juveniles that live on the street each day according to the National Runaway Switchboard (NRS). The statistics regarding the rates of juveniles in this country that runaway are surprising. Unfortunately with all of the children out on the street our system is not doing much to combat the problem. In most states running away is not illegal, which leaves law enforcement with few options when attempting to locate or recover a missing runaway child. It has been said that, young people†¦show more content†¦Family conflict over sexual identity is one reason some of these youths leave home (Smart, 1991), and some youths are thrown out by their families. Unfortunately what can almost be expected is that runaway youths often have histories of substance abuse from prior to their run. Out on the street especially, intravenous drug use can be a serious risk for contracting HIV if clean needles are not used. When poor grades, conflict with school officials, parental censure, and various personal problems, such as depression and substance abuse, combine to create a sense of extreme discomfort for adolescents, many youths will run away (Tuohy, 1993). Our problem in this country is not that teenagers run away by the tens of thousands, but that they have no place to run when they do. When a youth runs away from his or her legal guardians, the police frequently encounter them. Generally, the police officer will take the runaway to the station, notify the childs parents, and refer the family to a social worker. The law enforcement officers do not generally take the time to ask the child why he or she ran to see if there is a better solution to the problem. Most of the social service agencies are too large to provide adequate individualized careShow MoreRelatedRunaway Juveniles Are Not A Serious Problem821 Words   |  4 Pagesrun away from home in the United States (Sanchez, Waller, Greene, 2006; Tyler Bersani, 2008). Most runaways rarely stay away from home for long periods and stay within 50 miles of home (Hammer, Finkelhor, Sedlak, 2002). Although runaway juveniles are not a serious problem (Kim, 2006) and eventually retur n to parents or guardian (Milburn et al., 2007), they are victimized and exposed in deteriorate circumstances while away. There were many problems for runaway juveniles, in spite of returning afterRead MoreWhat Are Five Major Court Cases That Influenced Our Treatment Of Juveniles Today?1203 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 4.1 – Juvenile Court Process What are five major court cases that influenced our treatment of juveniles today? For each case, briefly state how the case has made an impact. Five major court cases that influenced our treatment of juveniles today include Kent v. United States (1966), In re Gault (1967), In re Winship (1970), McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971) and Breen v. Jones (1975). Kent v. United States (1966) set the standards for transfers. In this case, the judge ruled Kent to adultRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Essay examples1326 Words   |  6 PagesThe Juvenile Justice System Jodia M Murphy Kaplan University CJ150 Juvenile Delinquency Professor Thomas Woods July 31, 2012 Abstract This paper takes a brief look at the history and evolution of the juvenile justice system in the United States. In recent years there has been an increase of juvenile cases being transferred into the adult court system. This paper will also look at that process and the consequences of that trend. History and Evolution In the early nineteenth centuryRead More Juevenile Delinquency Essay904 Words   |  4 Pages The Criminology of the Juvenile Mind Criminology is defined as the scientific study of the nature, extent, cause and control of criminal behavior. Due to the non-ending threat of crime, violence and even terror threats, criminology has gained in popularity as an academic field of study. Criminology is the scientific approach to studying criminal behavior. {Larry Siegel, Criminology Theories, patterns amp; Typologies, 2004.} In studying criminal behavior scientist have categorized the periodRead MoreJuvenile Crime And The Juvenile Justice System1278 Words   |  6 PagesNovember 7, 2014 Juvenile Crime and the Juvenile Justice System in North Carolina: Informative Speech Specific Purpose Statement To inform my audience about the seriousness of juvenile crime and the problems that North Carolina faces when dealing with underage offenders. Introduction I. According to the Annual Summary Report done by the North Carolina Department of Justice and the State Bureau of Investigation, in 2012, approximately 36,000 juveniles were arrested in the state of North CarolinaRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Prevention Act Of 19741576 Words   |  7 Pagesexploring the internet on juvenile delinquents. We as a class have had many good questions to answer about the different ways juveniles are treated, and what the correct or incorrect treatment is for juveniles. We have written many papers and had many discussion on historical milestones, landmark cases, adult courts, juvenile courts, probation and parole, detention centers and juvenile training programs. This semester has really changed the way that I look at juvenile delinquents. Three historicalRead MoreThe Interpretation Of Delinquency Of The United States974 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 1800s in the United States, children were targeted when there was a need in a labor. Therefore, because children were performing similar labor duties as adults there was not an obvious distinction between a child and adult at that time. With the implementation of labor laws, then children gained legal rights that separated them from adults. As of today, an individual under the age of 18 can be categorized as a delinquent juvenile based on their behavior. The majority of states consider that someoneRead MoreHuman Trafficking : The United States1250 Words   |  5 Pageshuman trafficking? Most of us probably think of human trafficking as being an issue that poor countries just have but, that isn’t the case. Human trafficking is alive and sadly thriving in the United States. According to Trafficking Source Center, 5,544 cases of human trafficking were reported in the Uni ted States in 2015. With human trafficking being around for so long, nations have to find ways to create tougher laws, find a way to focus on the issue, and create better safe havens for the victims ofRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Modern Day Form Of Slavery1393 Words   |  6 Pagesforeign citizens.   That however, is dangerously untrue.   It is one of the biggest crime industries in America, behind drug and arms dealing.   It’s happening right in our backyard, human trafficking is extremely prevalent in big American cities and states with international borders and national highways. â€Å"Sex Trafficking is a modern-day form of slavery in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act is under the age of 18 (5-stones)Read MoreFemale Juveniles Are The Most Vulnerable927 Words   |  4 PagesFemale juveniles are known to be the most vulnerable. If they are growing up in poverty or suffering from abuse, their delinquent behavior are often leads to self-destruction. Female juveniles will most likely grow up to join street gangs, drop out of school, or become teenage mothers. Girls are the fastest growing segment of the juvenile justice system with minority females disproportionately represented among delinquent girls; two-thirds are girls of color. The majority have been subjected to some

Relationship Between Brand Forgiveness and Brand Equity

Question: Discuss about the Relationship Between Brand Forgiveness and Brand Equity. Answer: Introduction It has been found that first impression about a product or service can develop a specific mental image in the mind of customers. Stahl et al. (2012) stated that unpleasant experience or negative publicity about a brand can create unfair classification about a brand. It can decrease brand forgiveness. It has been found that brands and companies within the service industry have to face intense pressure from the customers related with their service quality (Kapferer 2012). It has been found that service failure and negative brand association can question business trustworthiness. Service failure is often considered unavoidable without proper brand equity. It is a word used in marketing to explain the worth of having well recognized brand name. Torres et al.(2012) stated that proprietor of a well recognized brand can produce better revenue from a specific product or service compare to less well known companies. The reason of brand equity is to calculate the value of brand name. It encompasses factors such as image, name, logo, and perceptions which can help to address a product or service. Now it has become essential to find out the connection between brand forgiveness and brand equity. It has been found that brands corporate social responsibilities (CSR) initiatives and firms response (apology) have positive impact on the rate of forgiveness. It has been found that the level of consumer equity can increase the rate of forgiveness for many companies. Brand forgiveness It has been found that one of the hardest jobs of managing appropriate brand value is to clean up all the mess after a crisis situation. Hsu (2012) stated that when customers forgive any mishap done by their favorite brands can be termed as brand forgiveness. However, brand forgiveness is not an easy thing to achieve. According to Sheng and Teo (2012), a brand will have to go through a period of penance before it can regain its trust among customers. Rusty Cowly (the assistant director of public relation and communication at Texas AM) has developed a six step approach to achieve forgiveness. They are mentioned below: Confess sins and mishaps committed by the company The management team needs to explain what happened and why happened. Cuneo et al. (2012) stated that, in most of the cases it has been found that fault of the company may exist only in the mind of an outraged community. The management needs to remind that outraged customers or community can cause great harm to the brand reputation. Hence, the management needs to acknowledge their faults and admit that they are wrong. Allow the community to purge its outrage The company needs to create a community to express its emotions directly to the top brass. The management needs to take notes but avoid debt. Apologize and repent Kim et al. (2012) mentioned that apology has three stages. 1) Accept fault 2) show sympathy to specific victims 3) accept responsibility for improvement Make things right The management team has to take suggestion from community and seek their suggestions. They also have to work on the suggestions as well. In order to gain forgiveness, they have to do more than they are asked to do by the customers. Show consumers the improvement They have to update the customer community regularly. The management has to develop system that will prevent the company from transgressing again. They have to ask for recommendations from customers and implement them than their own. Show humility They have to give physical reality to their penance. They have to develop some offers, loyalty programs or something dramatic in order to gain customer loyalty again. Brand equity Jara and Cliquet (2012) stated that brand equity is the word used to mention the worth of a brand. It has been found that reason of brand equity is to calculate the worth of a brand. It encompasses name, logo, image, and identity of a product or service. It promises about quality, performance and various other dimensions related with values that can affect consumers choice about the competing products and services. It has been analyzed that when customers belief a brand and discover its service relevant, they may decide on the offerings related with the brand over those of the competitors. Brand equity can be effectively handled by the development of the brand equity objectives. Wang and Li (2012) stated that, the brand equity goals can be used to track performance and progress of a specific service or product. Brand reinforcement is considered as one of the major part of the brand equity. Bruhn et al. (2012) stated that as a significant asset, brand has to be cautiously managed so its worth does not reduce. Companies can easily strengthen brand equity by assigning the meaning of brand in context of two terms. They are mentioned below: What service or product that the company offers, what are the core benefits and what needs that it can satisfy. How the brand makes a service or product superior and which favorable, strong and unique brand association needs to exist in customers mind. Hakala et al. (2012) stated that brand Reinforcement is becoming highly significant in intensively competitive markets. Impact of brand equity on brand forgiveness It has been found that any new expansion in the advertising environment can significantly have an effect on the fortune of a brand. Unpleasant experience or negative publicity about a brand can create unfair classification about a company that can decrease brand forgiveness. Brand forgiveness is not an easy thing to achieve. However, from various research works it has been found that there are numbers of organizations or brands that are able to make impressive comeback in recent years. In order to increase brand forgiveness, it is required to find out the factors of brand equity that need to begin with. If a brand has some positive reputation, consumers will easily forgive the missteps. For example, in the year of 2011, due to 60% price increment, the company Netflix had lost 800,000 subscribers (77% drop in the stock price). However, the company has quickly turned around. In the year of 2013, the stock of Netflix increased by 213% (Grhan-Canli et al. 2016). There are some specific w ays in which brand equity can increase brand forgiveness. They are such as: It delivers on value proposition It can change customers live in positive manner It develops positive relationship between customers and brands. Research objectives and approach Research objectives To analyze the positive impact of brand equity on customers To assess the factors that can lead to brand forgiveness for customers To evaluate the effect of brand equity on brand forgiveness Research approach In order to conduct this research work in appropriate manner positivism philosophy has been selected along with deductive research approach. Both primary and secondary data will be collected to conduct this research work. Primary data will be collected with help of survey questionnaires and face to face interview. 10 close ended questions will be developed for the survey questionnaires. They will be distributed among 50 customers of Starbucks. All the questions will be related with brand equity and their perception about brand forgiveness. Face to face interview will be conducted with 5 managers of Starbucks. This interview will help to analyze the steps taken by the company to improve brand equity so that brand forgiveness of customers can be increased. The Impact of brand equity on brand forgiveness has also been discussed in the literature review section. The objective of this research work has been provided along with the research approach. Finally a work plan has been provided i n which the research work will be developed in future. Current work and preliminary results Presently, the proposal for this research work has been developed. The topic of this research work is The relationship between brand forgiveness and brand equity in service brand context. In the introduction section, the background information related with brand equity and brand forgiveness has been provided along with the rationale behind developing this research work. In the literature review section, two concepts of brand forgiveness and brand equity have been mentioned. work plan and implications In order to complete this research work in time, appropriate work plan has been developed. This research work is planned to be completed within 26 weeks. A Gantt chart has been provided to describe the work plan. Task And Time 1st week (2nd-4th) week (5th-7th)Week (8th-10th) week (11th -16th) week (17th -20th)week (21th-23rd ) week 24th week 25th week 26th Week Introduction and Search for Data Literature Review Research Methodology Design of Data Collection and Methods Data Collection Data Analysis and Presentation Conclusion and Recommendations Proof- Reading Sending First Draft to Supervisor Printing, Binding and Submission Implications The search of data will be completed within the first week from the starting of the research work. The literature review section of the research work will be completed within the first 4 weeks. Research methodology required for this research work will be completed within the next two weeks. Data collection and data analysis for this research work will be conducted from 11th week to 20th week. The conclusion and recommendation section of this research work will be developed from 21st week to 23rd week. Proof reading will be complete within the next one week. Printing, binding and the final submission will be done within the next two weeks. Conclusion It has been found that unpleasant experience or negative publicity about a brand can create unfair classification about a company that can decrease brand forgiveness. Brand forgiveness is not an easy thing to achieve. A company will have to go through a period of penance before it can regain its trust among customers. Six step approaches can be applied in order increase brand forgiveness. On the other hand, brand equity is the term used to mention the value of a brand. It promises about quality, performance and various other dimensions related with values that can affect consumers choice about the competing products and services. It has been found that there are various ways in which the brand equity in improve brand forgiveness. In order to complete this research work positivism philosophy has been used along with deductive approach. Both primary and secondary data will gathered to conduct this research work in appropriate manner. Reference list Bruhn, M., Schoenmueller, V. and Schfer, D.B., 2012. Are social media replacing traditional media in terms of brand equity creation?.Management Research Review,35(9), pp.770-790. Cuneo, A., Lopez, P. and Jesus Yage, M., 2012. Measuring private labels brand equity: a consumer perspective.European Journal of Marketing,46(7/8), pp.952-964. Grhan-Canli, Z., Hayran, C. and Sarial-Abi, G., 2016. Customer-based brand equity in a technologically fast-paced, connected, and constrained environment.AMS Review, pp.1-10. Hakala, U., Svensson, J. and Vincze, Z., 2012. Consumer-based brand equity and top-of-mind awareness: a cross-country analysis.Journal of Product Brand Management,21(6), pp.439-451. Hsu, K.T., 2012. The advertising effects of corporate social responsibility on corporate reputation and brand equity: Evidence from the life insurance industry in Taiwan.Journal of business ethics,109(2), pp.189-201. Jara, M. and Cliquet, G., 2012. Retail brand equity: Conceptualization and measurement.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,19(1), pp.140-149. Kapferer, J.N., 2012.The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Kim, K.H., Jeon, B.J., Jung, H.S., Lu, W. and Jones, J., 2012. Effective employment brand equity through sustainable competitive advantage, marketing strategy, and corporate image.Journal of Business Research,65(11), pp.1612-1617. Sheng, M.L. and Teo, T.S., 2012. Product attributes and brand equity in the mobile domain: The mediating role of customer experience.International Journal of Information Management,32(2), pp.139-146. Stahl, F., Heitmann, M., Lehmann, D.R. and Neslin, S.A., 2012. The impact of brand equity on customer acquisition, retention, and profit margin.Journal of Marketing,76(4), pp.44-63. Torres, A., Bijmolt, T.H., Trib, J.A. and Verhoef, P., 2012. Generating global brand equity through corporate social responsibility to key stakeholders.International Journal of Research in Marketing,29(1), pp.13-24. Wang, W.T. and Li, H.M., 2012. Factors influencing mobile services adoption: a brand-equity perspective.Internet Research,22(2), pp.142-179.

The Health Care Industry

Introduction Health Care is a term used to refer to all duties geared towards provision of necessary measures concerned with human health. Such duties and services are normally provided through professionally trained medical personnel (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). However, provision of medical services always requires adequate finances from the recipient for health stability to be maintained.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Health Care Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This should be organized based on medical legislative policies and standards governing the healthcare system within specified regions or countries. The health care industry faces numerous challenges which require urgent and adequate address; these challenges are in form of costs as well as complex processes followed to ensure delivery of right services. Various economic effects also contributes towards rising costs on health insurance premiums, this has seen reduction in access to efficient medical care. Such factors have led to elimination of health care insurance services by most employers (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Summary of the selected chapter The chapter focuses on the challenges facing healthcare sector in the process of providing their services to individuals, this includes the provision of health care insurance it’s pricing and the effects on population. The healthcare industry comprises of several services including those given in hospitals, nursing homes, laboratories and health care experts. There are indeed numerous communication tools utilized by the caregivers which could help in the facilitation of health care provision. Such tools are capable of delivering necessary guidance and support hence assist in enhancing citizens’ confidence on their health care system and management. Health care management plans should be provided so as to help faci litate the processes of managing health conditions in an appropriate and consistent way based on medical personal plan. Several policies have been proposed by the United States concerning patient health protection based on affordable services (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Other countries also have systems concerning the same where national health insurance is paid by the government using tax revenues ensuring that individuals can access health services at affordable costs or no cost at all. However, in America the private health insurance is currently paid by the employers.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This has had dire consequences to the population since health paid for in such manner could create intractable incentives which could lead to higher prices. The other problem also emerges on the regulation process which will require up-grading of the curre nt insurance system (Health Care 434). Health care costs require review to the extent of enabling consumers purchase their value for money services. Health care marginal benefits should be positive and of great benefit to the society. Rationing mechanisms might be utilized to ensure control on the cost of health care; even the use of non-price mechanisms such as offering health insurance could be utilized. The United States applies the use of government insurance regulation which has had both positive and negative impacts (Health Care 443). Supply of medical practitioners is also raising concerns since despite increase in number of physicians; their services fail to meet the demand of the American population. Technological changes within the medical field have also affected the industry by lowering costs such as reducing lengths of stay in hospitals but at the same time some technological advances have significantly increased the prices of services offered (Health Care 444). In addi tion, there is also emergence of managed-care organizations which assists in controlling costs of medication ensuring that all citizens irrespective of their social status reduces their health care expenditures. Moral Hazard Problem This problem involves the issue when one party alters the agreement signed between two parties in a way that is costly and detrimental to the other party. There are several inefficiencies prevalent within the health care system. Such include fraud and abuse cases against patients by the medical staff in exposing confidential medical information concerning individuals. According to medical ethics it is always necessary for Health information obtained from patients to be personalized and kept confidential as per the agreement between the patient and the medical practitioner. This offers some confidence on the side of the patient hence expresses readiness to seek more and more medical counselling. Patients’ medical reports should always be handled wi th lots of caution and every effort applied to ensure their protection since it can either act as source of encouragement or discouragement depending on how such information is handled by the experts. Exposing medical information concerning patients with certain diseases may lead to social discrimation within the job market (Health Care 434-484).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Health Care Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From another perspective health care insurance at times causes people to react in different ways. It at times makes people to be reluctant on the issues concerning their personal health hence not paying much attention on preventive measures. The insurance cover also makes individuals at times to breach their integrity on the use of medical incentives. They are times when individuals are tempted to use healthcare frequently than expected compared to when there is no provision on insurance coverage. Weak security accorded to patient’s medical information could be attributed to lack of appropriate information system technology. However, with the improvement in technological know-how, high standards of ethics and technology are applicable for the confidentiality purposes in all sectors within the industry. Such standards are expected to be maintained within organizational bodies such as healthcare clearinghouse concerned with data retrieval and compilation. This should happen for the purposes of building good rapport between individuals and medical specialist (Health Care 434-484). Falsification of medical records should be treated with a lot of concern. All the records need to be straight including those of third parties. The manner in which medical records as well as financial records are handled within health institutions determines to a large extent the level if investors interests in providing support to healthcare system. All entries for every tra nsaction should be shown for accountability purposes as well as maintaining financial integrity. Financial management within the health care industry should be realigned to reflect the standards based on Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. GAAP ensures that the right financial procedures are applied and followed by all medics in relation to organization’s activities, calling for their full cooperation in providing valid information (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) Inappropriate information on financial records should lead to direct termination of the concerned employee. Un-ethical practices within medical field in line with financial management include; alteration of true financial transaction figures, inappropriate entries on income and expenditures, maintenance of fraudulent accounting reports and documents, recording any payments outside those described within the confines of the hospitals’ rules and regulations and forgery of signatories (U.S. D epartment of Health and Human Services).Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Integrity of healthcare institutions revolves around the reputation of its employees. Medical organizations should not allow personal financial inducements to control their overall professional performances on administering appropriate treatment. All activities and practices should be performed under the guidance of already set ethical principles. Various core values guarding individual services within medical institutions should be observed even by the various medical associates, like pharmacists and medical engineers (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Solution to the problem The problem could be addressed through enforcement of ‘Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996’ (HIPAA) security which applies comprehensive address on the legislative procedures concerning individual health policies (Rada). The policy enables easy identification of fraudulent activities within the health care industry, and also protects patients from such abuses as job discrimination. The statute enables Americans to easily access health insurance benefits since it makes easy insurance portability processes. All individual medical documents are transformed into reports which are easily approved by the concerned organizational bodies dealing with medical reports. The procedure is used in keeping policy records with high level of confidentiality and ensures maintenance of integrity. There is also provision on the necessary fines imposed on individuals upon breaching of the policies within the statute. Managed-care organizations work closely with the statute in ensuring that patients are well served by various physicians despite looming disadvantages provided by the policies. There should be no denial of highly effective treatment based on the prices charged by the medics, this would ensure that proper insurance services are extended to millions of people within the United States (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Works Cit ed Health Care. Microeconomics Issues and Policies. NY: Health Administration Press, 2010. Print. Rada, Rodgers. How HIPAA Compliant Can Any Technology Be?† HIPAA Advisory: Phoenix Health Systems. Web. 2010 Web. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. â€Å"Security and Electronic Signature Standards; Proposed Rule.† The Federal Register, 63.155 (1998): 43242-43280. Web. This proposal on The Health Care Industry was written and submitted by user Sylas B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Office Ergonomics

Disney Land essays

Disney Land essays Its a Terrifying World After All I couldn't wait for my family and I to take our annual vacation. It was during those times that I enjoyed myself most. I had anticipated this vacation to be the best. After all, I was going to Disney World, the greatest place in the world. Little did I know I was about to embark on a journey that would leave a scare in my memory, permanently. The incident took place more than twelve years ago, yet I can recall the date and time as if it were yesterday. The date, Saturday, June 13, 1987; the time, 2:00 in the afternoon. The sun was at its peak and it felt as if it was hot enough to fry an egg in the middle of the street. As the large doughy hand reached down to grab mine, I began to panic. My palms began to sweat and I could feel my heart pumping wildly. This giant monstrosity before me was huge. His hand drawing closer to mine, my heartbeat grew with intensity. I'd never been so frightened. I could hear my mother's sweet, faint voice from beside me saying, "Go ahead, honey, shake his hand." I remember looking at her and looking at the hand getting closer to me, I immediately took off. I wasn't running to escape fear. I felt as if I was running to save my life. I ran through hordes of people. People who were talking so loudly I couldn't hear myself think. I had no idea where I was going. The sweet smell of cotton candy was in the air. I could feel gum underneath my shoes and I could see traces of peanuts on the ground. As sweat was starting to trickle down my face, I continued to run faster and faster. As I continued to run I could hear a song repeating the same words over and o ver again. The words were simple yet very agitating. It's a small world after all, it's a small world after all, it's a small world after all, it's a small world after all. Those words rang in my mind then and I can still hear them today. There were lots of other kids around that lo...

The Characteristics of the Good Prince (Leader) Essay

The Characteristics of the Good Prince (Leader) - Essay Example As the word Machiavellian suggests, a modern prince needs to be cunning, deceitful and crude if need be (Niccolo, 2010). The Machiavellian claim answers the question of whether one should love or fear a leader. Machiavelli states that it would be better to be loved and feared, but the two cannot exist at ago (Niccolo, 2010). He says that it is, therefore, better to be feared because leaders need complete obedience from their people for them to completely govern. The vulnerability of the subject towards punishment makes him submit to the leader (Niccolo, 2010). With fear, people only reluctantly trust the leader hoping that the leader is concerned with their good. Some leaders prove their care for their people hence eventually gain trust and love whereas others are feared throughout their leadership. He says that love contains many rules, most of which may be broken by selfish men. Fear, on the other hand, lives long because people are afraid of punishment that would befall them when they rebel (Niccolo, 2010). This aspect of fear and love is important in todays politics whereby leaders tend to pursue either love or hatred especially during elections. Despite the fact that no leader is perfect, people fail to concentrate on the bad side of a good leader and only se his good side. A leader should however see to it that his people do not hate him. Hatred would only lead to the princes failure. He states that the peoples allegiance is a stronger shield than a fortress (Niccolo, 2010). The love of the people gradually grows to trust, which is of most advantage to the leader. Trust makes it easier for the prince to carry on executions without objection. The leader himself will feel less fear of being overthrown because of the mutual trust. A good leader should also ensure that he gains the support of his people. Unless he achieves this, it is easy for jealous competitors to overthrow the

Why Should We Forgive Others Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Should We Forgive Others - Essay Example In Christianity which is a western religion, teaching about forgiveness takes a very central role in the spiritual life of the Christian adherent. The teaching is that, if we expect God to forgive us, we must in turn forgive our fellow man when they wrong us. This is best expressed in what is known as the Lord’s Prayer in Mathew 6:9-13 where the Christian petitions God to forgive him just as they forgive others. This is as a precondition that if we expect God to forgive us, we have a part to play in forgiving others as it is narrated in Mathew 6:15. We also find the example of a Christian who practiced forgiveness during the stoning of Stephen in Acts 7:60 where Stephen prayed and said ‘lay not this sin to their charge’, words almost similar to the ones uttered by Jesus Christ at His crucifixion, ‘forgive them for they know not what they do’, speaking about His crucifiers, yet He had committed no sin, Luke 23:34. This shows that a Christian who forgiv es is following the example of the author of Christianity, Jesus Christ. The Bible also teaches about turning your other cheek and giving your coat as well to someone who takes your cloak as it continues to express the virtue of forgiveness, Luke 6: 27-31. The Bible also talks about God’s demonstration of love in that Jesus Christ died for the sins of the world while man was still a sinner (Bash, 2007).

College personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

College - Personal Statement Example caring and loving grandparents, I always longed for the presence of my own parents and for a lifestyle where I would be able to spend more time with them and share even little details of my day. My grandparents always ensured that my studies would not affected by the irregular working hours of my parents and taught me how to be focused towards the attainment of personal goals. The vacuum of the special bond with my parents never made me bitter about life, rather it always proved to be a driving force for my existence to lead a different life than theirs. After I completed my high school, my parents moved back to my city but it was too late for me to get close to them and nurture our relationship. One day, a fear that often came to my mind became a reality; my parents asked me to join their business. My lonely childhood had already taught me that this decision would not just be a choice of a career, rather a lifestyle that can influence one’s values and ideas due to its demanding nature. I declined their offer and decided to live my life on my own terms while standing on my own feet. Needless to state that their commitment to their business gave me a lifestyle and commendable opportunities to acquire education, however a balance should have been struck between work and personal life to provide their child with the things that money cannot buy. One of the facts that my life has made me believe is that family, friends, hopes and dreams do not accumulate to define us as much as what we do for a living. Everything can be influenced and changed by what we do in the real world to make our presence in the professional life. I aspire to get admission in your esteemed university and prove my own identity and existence which is free from other people’s ideologies. My independent childhood and focused vision has taught me how to organize myself and achieve personal goals. Alongside earning the status of a reputable and successful professional, I want to lead a family

Import And Export Of Pakistan Commerce Essay

Import And Export Of Pakistan Commerce Essay In todays world no matter how much progressive, successive or superpower a country is, no matter how much investment they made, how much modern technology theyre using in their country still theres not even a single a country who is self sufficient in all his needs without any import from the adjacent or neighboring countries. Who is not in a need to export anything from his country to the out world as he doesnt feel any necessity or required anything from the outer source? Hence every country is in need to import and export some of the things from other countries as thats the way to progress, development and success. These activities are the source of globalization and globalization results in welfare of well being along with fruitful results. Not even a single country is capable to produce or manufacture all the things/commodities by itself. So while producing things countries always look for the source/resources in which they are rich and are helpful in producing things with ease and that are advantageous for them. It produces things in which they are efficient and abundant and then either exchange them with other countries against things which they need or export them against cash and utilize that money as they want. The difference in level of production relatively the equipments that are used for this in different countries like production of things according to taste, requirements, technology factors etc have contributed majorly in import and export around the world and has greatly enhance basis of this activity. The countries are importing and exporting according to their needs and level of progress, development nature like countries that are much developed they export mostly good that are industrial and consumer goods and in exchange acquire primary sort of goods from them. On the other hand countries that are developing they export semi finished/unfinished goods, raw materials etc as they are industrialization base and in place of this import labor, finished goods, technology or services from the countries to run their industry. Now what is left at the end are the countries that have low income they are comparatively in a state of loss but it is a fact that a major contribution in the trade, import and export is by these low income countries that play their part in the economic development as well. On the example of low income countries is Pakistan. The promise and pitfalls of exporting While exporting every country faces and reap some of the advantages for which this activity was performed. Thus we can say that exporting promises some benefits to the exporting country but there are also some disadvantages against exporting activity that has to be faces by the country. Thus in short we can say that a country while doing this must has to keep certain things in consideration that if they are going to have some progress and a success in achieving their task then they also have to suffer some problems with this activity. For example if we take USA its market is very global and is very extensive for almost everything, but inspite of this hugeness it still doesnt facilitate few or more of the entrepreneurs. Who are these entrepreneurs? These are the minds who are interested in more growth. They are in search of place where their business can grow more, have more opportunity to growth and success and thus these minds prefer rest of the world as compared to USA. While doing business in import and export you need to go global obviously and thus this activity ensures some opportunities, benefits along with some drawbacks. Lets consider some of the following; In a country like Pakistan export is very much helpful as it increase the lifetime of a product or offerings by looking out for some new markets The dependence on certain markets that we have developed in some countries can be reduced by going global In a business faces situation of instability, impacts the fluctuations in its performance because of external factors like seasonal, environmental or political factors then its better to export things in new markets. This saves the face to loss moment. Gives an exposure, know-how about different things Going global is a source of fame, recognition and making relation that can be use in the hour of need. Enable them to be competitive, learn how to sustain stress situation and compete. Increase and polish growth potential. Aware us with different opportunities on international level that can be achieved. Similarly there are some pitfalls that we have to face while going globally; While going global and practicing export game one needs to have a very effective strategy which is not easy to plan in this aspect thus have to face failures and problems. Poor market analysis also cause huge problems while going global Ignorance of the difference in cultural is another pitfall thats been faced while exporting thus need to be keen in observing this difference Ignorance of host country language While exporting out things one needs to have a very strong and effective distribution chain. Managing the finance is another important factor that needs focus (John E. Cleek) Regulatory Bodies in Pakistan Some of the regulatory bodies for import and export in Pakistan are; TDAP (Trade Development Authority of Pakistan) EPB (Export Promotion Bureau) Improving Export Performance Exporters who are new they can improve their performance by using different techniques and avoiding pitfalls. There are certain ways in which export performance in Pakistan can be improved and are helpful for the exporters. Urge more investment in trade and try to make liberalized policy Try to control the shortfalls of accounts and reduce tax rate on exports. Built suitable tariffs for international trade. Resolve gas and power supply issues with firm policies Stabilized political environment An International Comparison One of the biggest problem in the way of successful exporting is the lack of knowledge about different countries we are going to deal and thats simply because of the reason that we have difference in our cultures, traditions, environments, requirements, time, language and are far apart from each other. We dont have much of the interaction with each other and lacks information about each other thats why most of the organizations in Pakistan seeks to have hesitation in export with other countries. This situation can simply be resolved by attaining information about other countries or countries we are going to deal with. Information Sources The Pakistani firms can increase their knowledge and awareness of export while doing business in various countries by gathering export information about them through various means. Like the organization of international trade centre (ITC) is a very useful source of providing information about export when were doing with different countries as it deals with exporters, the policy designers and institutions of trade support. To understand the foreign culture, trade aspects and other things organizations like this are very helpful to improve the export performance. Besides other organization include SECP, Chamber of Commerce along with some private organizations. Utilizing Export Management Companies This is another source of improving the export. In Pakistan institutions; like this who are working for the support and purpose of providing valuable information to export companies and their management skills playing their part in improvement. The exporters should gain advantage from their services, knowledge and skills. One of the very famous export management companies working in Pakistan is ITC that provides links and information related to policy formers, export management institutions. Exporting Strategy Exporting strategies are helpful to reduce the risks to export. By carefully manipulating and implementing these strategies they can prove beneficial for exporters. There are few guidelines, strategies and points that can be prove advantageous for the exporting businesses in Pakistan. In order to improve the export performance in Pakistan the skills development should be carefully observed. We are living in a era which exhibits rapid innovational techniques everyday in various fields of life, so expose new ideas and fulfill the demands of seekers in a effective and rapid way every day. To overcome the competitiveness in export skills in different aspects like labor, services, supply, quality etc should be improved. Pakistan has labor/human force that is young and energetic building their skills will obviously results in improved export performance. Try to reduce the cost of doing business especially when we are exporting. The high cost is usually because of two reasons, Unfavorable business environment Inadequacy of infrastructure Effective policies and strategies should be adopted and framed to overcome these problems. Provide a workable business environment that practices cooperation. Trade should be facilitated through trade supportive policies that urge the exporters to export more and more. As compared to other countries the export time taken by Pakistan is much more that shows the attitude of government policies, support and interest in this aspect. This area should be observed carefully and try to efficient the way of exporting by stating new policies. Export and Import Financing This term has to do a lot with import export as it exhibits the attitude when one businesses with someone who is stranger for him. He has to carry out export or import with him but is in a situation of total dis-trust. It creates lack of trust when doing import export. There are some financial devices used in Pakistan and internationally that has solved this matter and help to ensure the delivery of goods and payments while doing business across the border. It involves the following financing elements like letter of credit (LC), Bill of lading (BL), drafts. Lack of Trust Lack of trust is a huge hurdle in the way of import export. Firms doing business globally most of the time has to trust someone who is unseen and unknown. So it creates a level of lack of trust between both of them. One feels stress about the completion of his job by the other and other has a feeling about the receiving of payment against his services after completion of work that he may or may not receive his charges after accomplishing the task. Thus both the parties are in a state of confusion and this is because of lack of trust. In order to resolve this problem the concept of third party has been introduced and used here which is trusted by both the parties. The third party involved is bank. Letter of Credit Its a import export financing instrument that helps to carry out the international transaction with trust. It is issued by the bank on request of the importer that he will pay a particular amount of money sanctioned by the importer to the exporter on the delivery of the prescribed items or shipment under the conditions specified. This amount is paid to exporter on the presentation of specific legal documents that ensures that the party is eligible for this sum. Most of the time, this transaction is carried out by banks of importer and exporter on their behalf. In Pakistan majorly this instrument is used by the shipping lines to carry out their every day transactions. Like safemarine, Maersk, Rafey internationals etc Draft Draft is also known as bill of exchange. This financing instrument is used in international trade transaction to facilitate the payments with surety and trust. It its written by the exporter to other party importer that include the information to pay a particular amount of sum on a specific time. It can also be written to agent of exporter. It involves two parties Maker: the person or party who initiate the draft, it is usually exporter Drawee: the person or party to whom draft is send, it is usually importer There are two categories of drafts presented Sight Draft: it is payable on presentation to the drawee Time Draft: it is for a delay in payments Bill of Lading Its the third mode of financing import and export use. It is used by the common carrier for transporting merchandising issued by the exporter. It usually supports three purposes; it serves as a receipt, document of title and contract. Receipt show that the merchandise specified on the document has gained/received by the carrier, the term contract states that the carrier/transporter is oblige and bound to deliver services against the service charges, and the document of title is used to receive the payment/written promise before releasing the merchandise to the importer. Export Assistance The export assistance helps exporter to finance their export activities. Through this they are able to get finance help and also export credit insurance. Export assistance is provided by following bodies. Export-Import Bank The basic purpose of export-import banks is to make financially strong the exporters and importers to facilitate their export and import activities and strengthen the rate of exchange of commodities between countries. Recently the ministry of commerce in Pakistan, Islamabad has announced to establish an EXIM bank in the strategic trade policy framework to boost the exporters and make them competitive. According to director general trade policy Safdar Sohail it is the need of hour to establish such institution that support exports if we need Pakistan to boost its trade with international standards. Export Credit Insurance These are the institutions that have been known to serve the exports as collateral to meet their needs. It usually consists of those private commercial institutions who are working under the supervision of import-export banks to facilitate the exporters. If the importer defaults in his payment then it provides the credit insurance. Countertrade Countertrade is a bit different to trade in a meaning in terms of money, as it refers to the process of carry out trade in terms of good/services or commodities instead of money. We can say that when conventional means of payment are difficult like payment in the form of money is not possible or difficult then this way is structured to carry out international sale in terms of other commodities that are used against money. Types of countertrade There are few types of counter trade which are as follows Barter It is an old system of carrying out transactions when there was no money. Good used to be exchange against goods without involvement of cash. Here those goods are exchanges which have equal value. As it was an old technique it has two problems, One of the parties involved in trade end up to finance other if the goods that are traded are not exchanged simultaneously Commodities that are used may not have a re-sale value, they may be un-useable or unwanted. Counterpurchase Its a sort of transaction that includes two separate simultaneous transactions between the two parties that either involves cash or not Offset Here it involves an extensive arrangement in such a way that seller is needed to assist in or have to make arrangements for the marketing of the goods that produced by the purchasing country. Sometimes it also allow the purchasing country that they can produce a portion of the product in their own country Switch trading It occurs when the counterpurchase of a firm is buying by the third party and then sold them to some other firms that can use them effectively. It involves a change in the destination of goods exported with reference to their destined country Compensations or buybacks It involves the repayment in the form of goods/services that are produced by the technology or instruments provided by the seller of those goods. Pros and Cons of Countertrade Countertrade helps a firm to finance its export deal in the absence of other means It helps those countries who lack adequate foreign currency stock/reserves Attractive to huge multinational enterprises Benefits Helpful to make entry possible in difficult markets Source of companies increase sales Reduce currency exchange problems Enhance sales and reduce credit problems Disadvantages Costs increase Risky when involves commodities Time taking Conclusion The overall discussion simply narrated the importance of exports in Pakistan with imports. It shows the problems we are facing and government needs to have strong policies to overcome these issues if they want to attain a sustainable place in international business marketing. To grow our exports strong policies should be designed by the ministry of commerce and other trade supportive organizations. If trade provides benefits then it also brings some issues and problems it is up to the decision and abilities of the government what they want to have. Import and exports of a country plays a vital role in the economic development of a country thus this fields a hell lot of concentration.

The Effects of Sport on Levels of Mindfulness and Experiences of Flow:

The area of research that will be of focal concern is conscious awareness in relation to the concept of ‘mindfulness’. In addition to this, analogous research surrounding the topic area will be integrated, with particular attention being paid to an important aspect of sport psychology known as ‘flow’. Mindfulness has its roots in ancient spiritual traditions, namely Buddhism (Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011), and is commonly defined as â€Å"the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and non-judgmentally to the unfolding experience moment by moment† (Kabat-Zinn, 2003, p. 145). Definitions like the preceding are common in contemporary literature, however many authors have suggested that mindfulness is a somewhat elusive construct and that defining it in concrete terms is difficult (Brown & Ryan, 2004). It was recognised that the word ‘mindfulness’ had been used in array of contexts to describe a psychological trait, a state of awareness, in addition to a meditative practice, which together leave the concept ambiguous in nature. In an attempt to clarify its meaning, Bishop et al (2004) proposed a two-component operational definition, with the first component involving the self-regulation of attention, and the second involving the adoption of an open, curious, accepting awareness of experiences in the present moment (Anderson, Lau, Segal, & Bishop, 2007). ‘Being mindful’ can therefore be contrasted with ‘being mindless’ or ‘being on automatic pilot’, and is predominantly characterised by sustained attention on the present-moment experience (Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011). The relevance of the application and integration of mindfulness into psychological theory, and subsequently into practice (Sh... ...enhancement. Journal of Clinical Sports Psychology, 4, 291-302. Morgan, B. G. (2010). Review: Psychological skills training as a way to enhance an athlete’s performance in high-intensity sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(2), 78-87. Shapiro, S. L. (2009). The integration of mindfulness and psychology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(6), 555-560. The Melbourne Academic Mindfulness Interest Group. (2009). Mindfulness-based psychotherapies: A review of conceptual foundations, empirical evidence and practical considerations. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 285-294. Thompson, R. W., Kaufman, K. A., De Petrillo, L. A., Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (2011). One year follow-up of mindful sport performance enhancement (MSPE) with archers, golfers, and runners. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5, 99-116.

Compensation: Methods and Policies

CHAPTER 11- COMPENSATION: Methods and Policies Determination of Individual Pay: Manage must address to two questions in order to determine how employees are paid. First, how one employee is paid relative to another employee within the same company and performing the same job junction. Second, if the pay is different, then on what basis was this distinction determined-experience, skills, performance, seniority, higher performance, merit or some other basis. Organizations apply pay differentials to recognize employees’ different contribution to the organization, to communicate a changed emphasis on important job roles, skills, and knowledge, to emphasize the norms of the organization without having employees change jobs, that is promotion, to avoid violating the internal equity norms and to recognize market changes between jobs (page 328). Methods of Payments: 1)Flat Pay: Unionized firms normally implement the single flat rate of pay method by collective bargaining rather than differential rates of pay. These firms still recognize the differences between employees’ seniority and experience but choose not to recognize these variations when setting wage rates. 2) Payment for Time Worked: This is the most common way employees are paid in the form of wages (nonexempt and hourly paid) or salary (exempt and annually or monthly paid). Pays can be adjusted upward in 4 ways namely; general increase across the board, individual merit increase based on performance, cost of living adjustment (COLA) and seniority. 3) Variable Pay: Incentive Compensation. Based on international and global competitive, American businesses have now increasingly turned to variable pay plans as an attempt to link pay to performance and productivity to be competitive internationally. Pay methods can be flexible and can be built into the variable compensation plan by taking a total compensation approach which include the following three elements namely; base pay (serves as platform for variable pay), variable pay ( gainsharing, winsharing, lumpsum bonuses, individual flexible pay, etc) (page 330). Incentive compensation is a method of paying employees on the basis of their output either individually, to the work group or on an enterprisewide basis. 1) Merit Incentive is pay related to the individual performance. Traditional merit is pay from a higher base salary after the annual performance evaluation. 2) Individual Incentive: This is the oldest form of incentive plan where individuals are paid for units produced. The following forms are included under this method; piecework, production bonus and commission. Piece work can be straight piece work (sawing mill) or standard-hour plan (mechanic shop). Production bonus refers to employee hourly rate plus a bonus when the employee exceeds the standards (page332). Commission is based on the percentage of sales in units or dollars. 3) Team Incentive: This includes the entire groups’ incentive used to build the team culture. 4) Organizational Incentive: Reward based from shared profits generated by the employees’ efforts or money saved from the employees efforts to reduce cost (page 346). 5) Garnishing Incentive: These are â€Å"companywide group incentive plans that unite employees to improve organizational effectiveness through a financial formula for distributing organizationwide gains† (page 356. )

Water Pollution in Cambodia Essay Example

Water Pollution in Cambodia Essay Example Water Pollution in Cambodia Paper Water Pollution in Cambodia Paper Essay Topic: Water pollution Water is really important for every life on earth, which is one common acknowledge that every one has knew for a long time. As a Cambodia citizen, the water pollution issue can make myself to really consider about it. For all Cambodia citizens, who living on the water as I saw in the pictures know that they are living in the really dangerous everyday life. Cambodia reputation is the country of wonderful that full with adventure and so much more that you and I want to see. But come to place to live for the citizen, Cambodia is the entry that facing the biggest issue in the country. When saw this picture of the houses on the water, and how people using that water for daily life, my heart becomes full with sadness, worry about those people. My thought has come with three reactions, which are their health, children, and governments plan. My first reaction was thinking about how that they do not know about all the dangerous that they are facing everyday. I personally do not know what is the right question to ask them, if I can have a chance. Too often those areas come the only place that they can build their house, and I do not know what could be their reasons for them to choose that area. There are so many reasons that come to my mind when I saw all their face, but do not know if all my reasons could be the same as their reasons. One reason has come to my mind when I writing this essay is that they have no choice to choose that place because of their family economy. My second reaction was about their health. Most of people who living in there right now are getting sick from that water that they are using. That water has been polluted with so many sources and come from many different places. The mostly important, the governments do not try to find a way to help them with the water. There are so many ways that I believe that they can do, but they did not want to do it. My lastly reaction was that many organizations from around the world, which are trying to fix that situation. They had been trying to do so many things from the areas such as money, program, and show example for people on the field. I had been acknowledging about some organizations that they re mostly focusing on the young people because they want those children growing in the safe environment. Do you know that so many young born children are dying because the bacteria in the water? On my conclusion, my country is facing with the biggest issue and we are really needed to fix it. Cambodia is the most wonderful country for all tourists to seek for new adventures, and we need our next generation children to keep our country to grow in future. Water pollution issue need to be stop, and we need to work together as Cambodia to stop it.

Money and Mr. Riff Essay

Money and Mr. Riff Essay Money and Mr. Riff Essay Defense Witnesses MATILDA SLICK As I was following the process of the arrest warrant for Ronald Riff, the day after the alleged burglary on 3 September 2013, I was told by a woman by the name of Matilda Slick, further details of the suspects whereabouts at the time of the burglary. Mrs. Slick is the mother of Mr. Riff’s girlfriend, Sally Slick. Mrs. Slick proceeded to tell me about the night of the burglary. She said that Mr. Riff had picked up Sally for a movie, and stated her dislike towards Sally and Ronald Riff being together. She then told me Sally had come home before 11:00 alone, and when asked where Mr. Riff was, Mrs. Slick’s daughter said, â€Å"Ronald’s still at Red’s so he couldn’t very well come in and say hello.† Mrs. Slick proceeded to tell me Ronald called before 12:00 late that night, but was not specific of the exact time of the call being before or after 12:00. She recalled Mr. Riff saying, â€Å"Just tell Sally I won big. Over $900.† Mrs. Slick als o recalled the words being spoken in the background, â€Å"Don’t try to pass off that lousy Canadian money around here.† After the phone call, Mrs. Slick relayed the message from Mr. Riff to Sally. Upon hearing the details of the burglary and what had happened with the burglary at Speedy Marquette’s happening after 12:00 A.M., Mrs. Slick then contacted me with this information. RED CHIPS On, 3 September 2013, I started to question Red Chips on any known details of the burglary, and the exact times and whereabouts of Ronald Riff, on the night of the burglary, 2 September 2013. Mr. Chips had opened Red’s Pleasure Palace as soon as Midtown legalized gambling, and Mr. Chips told me that Ronald Riff was a regular and had been coming in at least once every week. Mr. Chips stated that at 8:00 P.M. Mr. Riff had come in with Sally Slick, his girlfriend, where they both sat at table one consisting of: Ace Harte and Jacques Orbedder who had started playing around 7:30 P.M. Mr. Chips told me at approximately 10:30 that night, there was an argument that broke out within table one. Ronald then talked to Sally, who at that time left Red’s Pleasure Palace. Mr. Chips then said 10 or 15 minutes later Vibes Blare came in, watched the game, Ronald Riff then pulled Vibes Blare aside and gave him some money. That is when Mr. Chips realized Mr. Riff had at least $200 dollars. At midnight Mr. Chips stated another argument broke out, because Jacques Orbedder started to play with Canadian money. Ace Harte then asked Mr. Chips what the Danadian dollar was worth, in which Mr. Chips told them 97 cents, also realizing that Ronald Riff was not on the pay phone but on the pay phone. Mr. Chips said when the game broke up around midnight, Ronald had come up to his office and asked if he could borrow a money bag he could borrow, and Mr. Chips directed him to old money bags under the service bar. I then asked him what kind of money bag had been taken, whether it was from Midtown State Bank, but he said he doubted one from Midtown State Bank was taken. He then stated that, the Palace banked at National City Bank in the new shopping center. RONALD RIFF On the 3rd of Septeber 2013, I came into Ronald Riff’s home to question him on the burglary at Speedy Marquette’s, Marquette Market. When I asked Ronald Riff where he had been the night before, Ronald said he first picked Sally Slick up for a movie and then a sandwich at Mickey’s Diner. Ronald said, having fifty dollars left, he then proceeded to Red’s Pleasure Palace with Sally, so he could win money to pay back Vibes Blare $50.00 and buy a new guitar or he would be fired from their band, â€Å"Deep water Reunion Band.† Ronald said they had arrived at Red’s Pleasure Palace at about 8:00 P.M.

Political Science and Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Science and Social Media - Essay Example This paper aims to understand the role of social media in projecting politics in the society and how social media can help in the field of political science to understand the political activities. The subjects such as politics have always been institutions for which a person needed to have an intellect to actually talk about. In other words, it could be said that political discussion did not interest youth in earlier decades. It was mainly because politics were never done on a ground level where socialization of people was to take on its toll. In addition, it has always been noted that the political campaigns and stigma was not discussed and free. With the advent of social media network through the web 2.0, it has become obvious that common people are even potential to change the way people percept about the political issue (Amerland). Social media networking has been used as a tool by many politicians to gain publicity. It will not be incorrect to state that most of the contemporary movements have been passed with the help of social media networking. As noted by the authors, the winning campaign of Barack Obama and the driving rights for women in Arab were basically become voice of common men with the help of social media network (Harfoush). Taking the case of Barack Obama where he used a couple of groups on Facebook to interact with youth so that he could actually tell them about the changes that he can bring. This needed questioning back by the youth. It should be noted that social media network is a two way communication where the update on status and a thread of messages by twitting, it became obvious that leaders like Barack Obama were real and can answer all the questions of common men. This makes it quiet easier to understand that politics becomes easier when leaders are communication with the common men. After

Employee Motivational Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Employee Motivational Strategies - Essay Example Add that to the fact that sometimes, employees think that the compensation that they receive on a monthly basis (or maybe even more frequently, depending on the agreement between the employee and the employer) is just enough or maybe even not enough for their daily needs. Most companies have perceived this problem, realizing that manpower or more specifically the employees themselves are their most important resource. Employers also have realized that like any other resource, manpower should be continually replenished or renewed in terms of loyalty, trust and overall satisfaction from the work they are currently employed in. The concept of employee motivation comes into mind, wherein the company adapts certain policies that will motivate their employees so that they will remain not only financially satisfied but also emotionally, physically and mentally contented. The introduction of fun in the workplace is a welcome idea, and many companies are jumping on this idea for the improveme nt of their employees. Employee motivation techniques are now most often done in many forms in modern workplaces and usually revolve around the concept of rewarding satisfactory effort with the appropriate reward or set of rewards that are given either immediately or at a designated time depending on certain situations. Employee motivation is a new keyword today that states that employees have the need to be motivated and satisfied in order to maintain their level of work and positive attitudes towards the company. This topic is very significant and very much applicable in today's high-stress work environment, as it sees that employees as a very important resource that needs to be nurtured and developed. The relationship between the employer and their employees are also discussed as well as their parts in the creation of solutions pertaining to employee motivation and satisfaction. There are several theories and methods of employee motivation discussed herein, as well as recommendations on how to implement employee motivation methods and improvement of the said system if it is already implemented in the workplace. Employer and employee relationships A very fine line exists between the employer(s) and the employee. One thing for certain is that the employer is the employee's superior and the employee must comply with the work that his or her employer demands. With this, it can be thought of that the employee is bound to the service of his or her employer within the contract that they have agreed between themselves. This is not unlike the relationship between master and slave of yesteryears, in which the slave is not just bound to its master's service but also treated as that person's property. Times have changed and so do employee rights. Treating employees like slaves would not do an employer any good, and this has been shown with the creation of employee rights and privileges laid down upon each country's constitution. One of the basic tenets of this is the provision of salaries to the employee by their employer according to the existing minimum wage rates. Other benefits such as health benefits, bonuses and other financial an d non-financial perks may or may not be given again depending on the agreement set upon between the emplo

Experimentation in social psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Experimentation in social psychology - Essay Example Typically, social psychology aims to explain human behavior as a resultant of the interaction of an individual's current mental state and the situational context. The ways in which individuals react in different situational context vary based on several factors. These factors include prior learning as well as genetics. This essay will examine the utility of experimentation in the field of social psychology and will focus on the cognitive social and discursive perspectives. In order to delineate the differences between the utility of experimentation in cognitive social psychology and discursive psychological perspective, it is prudent that we offer operational definitions for each discipline and delineate their use of experimentation. In the case of cognitive social psychology, there are many features that distinguish this perspective from the other perspectives. They include a strong cognitive and social-interpersonal focus as well as the belief in human agency and free will. The general goal of cognitive social psychology is to conduct empirical research with the purpose of advancing the theoretical knowledge pool as it relates to the antecedents as well as the consequences of human behavior within a social construct. This knowledge should also provide a foundation on which a true understanding of the inextricable link between behavior and the social context can be built and advanced. In general, the ultimate goal of cognitive social psychology resea rch is to impact behavioral changes by establishing an empirically-based testing ground for theoretical ideas. The experimental studies within this field typically originate with a real-life and testable phenomena such as obedience, discrimination and prejudice. One of the most the most poignant studies within the field is the obedience studies conducted by Stanley Milgram. This study is controversial in that its utilization of deception raised ethical concerns and it was responsible for the establishment of new standards with regards to the treatment of human subjects. Milgram asked each of the student participants to fulfill "teaching" duties in a learning task. The participants were commanded to carry out an authority's orders, and were led to believe they were delivering an electric shock each time the "learner" made a mistake. In the standard baseline condition, no one quit before 300 volts, and 65% of participants continued to obey the experimenter to the highest level available, 450 volts. Unlike research involving hypothetical authority situations, Milgram's behavioral studies indicated that adults from civilian groups could indeed be induced to comply with noxious demands of authority. Discursive social psychology in contrast to cognitive social psychology examines how people make sense of their world through their mutual engagement with each other. In so doing, it develops its methodology from the philosophy of language and the utility of common psychological sense in order to understand mainstream topics in both social and cognitive psychology. Essentially, discursive psychology has been utilized to explore the ways in which reality is constructed within the society. The topics of study which prove to be applicable for discursive methods include the study of memory, attribution and attitudes. Most recently discursive psycho

Semantics and Theories of Semantics Essay Example for Free

Semantics and Theories of Semantics Essay Semantics is the study of meaning in language. We know that language is used to express meanings which can be understood by others. But meanings exist in our minds and we can express what is in our minds through the spoken and written forms of language (as well as through gestures, action etc. ). The sound patterns of language are studied at the level of phonology and the organisation of words and sentences is studied at the level of morphology and syntax. These are in turn organised in such a way that we can convey meaningful messages or receive and understand messages. ‘How is language organised in order to be meaningful? ’ This is the question we ask and attempt to answer at the level of semantics. Semantics is that level of linguistic analysis where meaning is analysed. It is the most abstract level of linguistic analysis, since we cannot see or observe meaning as we can observe and record sounds. Meaning is related very closely to the human capacity to think logically and to understand. So when we try to analyse meaning, we are trying to analyse our own capacity to think and understand, our own ability to create meaning. Semantics concerns itself with ‘giving a systematic account of the nature of meaning’ (Leech). Difficulties in the Study of Meaning The problem of ‘meaning’ is quite difficult, it is because of its toughness that some linguists went on to the extent of excluding semantics from linguistics. A well-known structuralist made the astonishing statement that ‘linguistic system of a languagedoes not include the semantics. The system is abstract, it is a signaling system, and as soon as we study semantics we are no longer studying language but the semantic system associated with language. The structralists were of the opinion that it is only the form of language which can be studied, and not the abstract functions. Both these are misconceptions. Recently a serious interest has been taken in the various problems of semantics. And semantics is being studied not only by the linguists but also by philosophers, psychologists, scientists, anthropologists and sociologists. Scholars have long puzzled over what words mean or what they represent, or how they are related to reality. They have at times wondered whether words are more real than objects, and they have striven to find the essential meanings of words. It may be interesting to ask whether words do have essential meaning. For example, difficulties may arise in finding out the essential meaning of the word table in water table, dining table, table amendment, and the table of 9. An abstract word like good creates even more problems. Nobody can exactly tell what good really means, and how a speaker of English ever learns to use the word correctly. So the main difficulty is to account facts about essential meanings, multiple meanings, and word conditions. The connotating use of words adds further complications to any theorizations about meaning, particularly their uses in metaphor and poetic language. Above all is the question : where does meaning exist: in the speaker or the listener or in both, or in the context or situation ? Words are in general convenient units to state meaning. But words have meanings by virtue of their employment in sentences, most of which contain more than one word. The meaning of a sentence, though largely dependent on the meaning of its component words taken individually, is also affected by prosodic features. The question whether word may be semantically described or in isolation, is more a matter of degree than of a simple answer yes or no. It is impossible to describe meaning adequately any other way except by saying how words are typically used as part of longer sentences and how these sentences are used. The meanings of sentences and their components are better dealt with in linguistics in turns of how they function than exclusively in terms of what they refer to. Words are tools; they become important by the function they perform, the job they do, the way they are used in certain sentences. In addition to reference and function, scholars have also attached import talkie to popular historical considerations, especially etymology, while studying word-meanings. Undobtedly the meaning of any word is casually the product of continuous changes in its antecedent meanings or uses, and in many cases it is the collective product of generations of cultural history. Dictionaries often deal with this sort of information if it is available, but in so ding they are passing beyond the bounds of synchronic statement to the separate linguistic realm of historical explanation. Different answers have been given to the questions related to meaning. Psychologists have tried to assess the availability of certain kinds of responses to objects, to experiences, and to words themselves. Philosophers have proposed a variety of systems and theories to account for the data that interest them. Communication scientists have developed information theory so that they can use mathematical models to explain exactly what is predictable and what is not predictable when messages are channeled through various kinds of communication networks. From approaches like these a complex array of conceptions of meaning emerges. Lexical and Grammatical Meaning When we talk about meaning, we are talking about the ability of human beings to understand one another when they speak. This ability is to some extent connected with grammar. No one could understand: hat one the but red green on bought tried Rameez. while Rameez tried on the red had but bought the green one causes no difficulties. Yet there are numerous sentences which are perfectly grammatical, but meaningless. The most famous example is Chomsky’s sentence â€Å"Colourless green ideas sleep furiously†. Similar other examples are: * The tree ate the elephant. * The pregnant bachelor gave birth to six girls tomorrow. * The table sneezed. In a sentence such as Did you understand the fundamentals of linguistics? A linguist has to take into account at least two different types of meaning: lexical meaning and grammatical meaning. Full words have some kind of intrinsic meaning. They refer to objects, actions and qualities that can be identified in the external world, such as table, banana, sleep, eat, red. Such words are said to have lexical meaning. Empty words have little or no intrinsic meaning. They exist because of their grammatical function in the sentence. For example, and is used to join items, or indicates alternative, of sometimes indicates possession. These words have grammatical meaning. Grammatical meaning refers mainly to the meaning of grammatical items as did, which, ed. Grammatical meaning may also cover notions such as ‘subject’ and ‘object’, sentence types as ’interrogative’, ‘imperative’ etc. Because of its complexity, grammatical meaning is extremely difficult to study. As yet, no theory of semantics has been able to handle it portly. But the study of lexical items is more manageable. What is Meaning? Philosophers have puzzled over this question for over 2000 years. Their thinking begins from the question of the relationship between words and the objects which words represent. For example, we may ask: What is the meaning of the word ‘cow’? One answer would be that it refers to an animal who has certain properties, that distinguish it from other animals, who are called by other names. Where do these names come from and why does the word ‘cow’ mean only that particular animal and none other? Some thinkers say that there is no essential connection between the word ‘cow’ and the animal indicated by the word, but we have established this connection by convention and thus it continues to be so. Others would say that there are some essential attributes of that animal which we perceive in our minds and our concept of that animal is created for which we create a corresponding word. According to this idea, there is an essential correspondence between the sounds of words and their meanings, e. g. , the word ‘buzz’ reproduces ‘the sound made by a bee’. It is easy to understand this, but not so easy to understand how ‘cow’ can mean’ a four-legged bovine’—there is nothing in the sound of the word ‘cow’ to indicate that, (Children often invent words that illustrate the correspondence between sound and meaning: they may call a cow ‘moo-moo’ because they hear it making that kind of sound. ) The above idea that words in a language correspond to or stand for the actual objects in the world is found in Plato’s dialogue CratyIus. However, it applies only to some words and not to others, for example, words that do not refer to objects, e. g. ‘love’, ‘hate’. This fact gives rise to the view held by later thinkers, that the meaning of a word is not the object it refers to, but the concept of the object that exists in the mind. Moreover, as de Saussure pointed out, the relation between the word (signifier) and the concept (signified) is an arbitrary one, i.e. the word does not resemble the concept. Also, when we try to define the meaning of a word we do so by using other words. So, if We try to explain the meaning of ‘table’ we need to use other words such as ‘four’, ‘legs’, and ‘wood’ and these words in turn can be explained only by means of other words. In their book, The Meaning of Meaning, L. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards made an attempt to define meaning. When we use the word ‘mean’, we use it in different ways. ‘I mean to do this’ is a way of expressing our intention. ‘The red signal means stop’ is a way of indicating what the red signal signifies. Since all language consists of signs, we can say that every word is a sign indicating something—usually a sign indicates other signs. Ogden and Richards give the following list of some definitions of ‘meaning’. Meaning can be any of the following: 1. An intrinsic property of some thing 2. Other words related to that word in a dictionary 3. The connotations of a word (that is discussed below) 4. The thing to which the speaker of that word refers 5. The thing to which the speaker of that word should refer  6. The thing to which the speaker of that word believes himself to be referring 7. The thing to which the hearer of that word believes is being referred to. These definitions refer to many different ways in which meaning is understood. One reason for the range of definitions of meaning is that words (or signs) in a language are of different types. Some signs indicate meaning in a direct manner, e. g. an arrow (?  ®) indicates direction. Some signs are representative of the thing indicated, e. g. onomatopoeic wards such as ‘buzz’. ‘tinkle’ ‘ring’; even ‘cough’. ‘slam’, ‘rustle have onomatopoeic qualities. Some signs do not have any resemblance to the thing they refer to, but as they stand for that thins, they are symbolic. Taking up some of the above definitions of meaning, we can discuss the different aspects of meaning o a word as follows: (i) The logical or denotative meaning. This is the literal meaning of a word indicating the idea or concept to which it refers. concept is a minimal unit of meaning which could be called a ‘sememe’ in the same way as the unit of sound is called a ‘phoneme’ and is like the ‘morpheme h Is structure and organisation. Just as the phoneme /b/ may be defined as a bilatial + voiced + plosive, the word ‘man’ may be defined as a concept consisting of a structure of meaning ‘human + male + adult’ expressed through the basic morphological unit ‘m + ? + n’. All the three qualities are logical attributes of which the concept ‘man’ is made. They are the minimal qualities that the concept must possess in order to be a distinguishable concept, e. g. if any of these changes, the concept too changes. So ‘human + female + adult’ would not be the concept referred to by the word ‘man’, since it is a different concept. (ii) The connotative meaning. This is the additional meaning that a concept carries. It is defined as ‘the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to over and above its purely conceptual content’ (Leech, 1981). That is, apart from its logical or essential attributes, there is a further meaning attached to a word, which comes from its reference to other things in the real world. In the real world, such a word may be associated with some other features or attributes. For example, the logical or denotative meaning of the word ‘woman’ is the concept, ‘human + female + adult’. To it may be added the concept of ‘weaker sex’ or ‘frailty’. These were the connotations or values associated with the concept of ‘woman’. Thus connotative meaning consists of the attributes associated with a concept. As we know, these associations come into use over a period of time in a particular culture and can change with change in time. While denotative meaning remains stable since it defines the essential attributes of a concept, connotative meaning changes as it is based on associations made to the concept; these associations may change. (iii) The social meaning: This is the meaning that a word or a phrase conveys about the circumstances of its use. That is, the meaning of a word is understood according to the different style and situation in which the word is used, e. g. though the words ‘domicile’, ‘residence’, ‘abode’, ‘home’ all refer to the same thing (i. e. their denotative meaning is the same), each word belongs to a particular situation of use—’domicile’ is used in an official context, ‘residence’ in a formal context, ‘abode’ is a poetic use and ‘home’ is an ordinary use. Where one is used, the other is not seen as appropriate. Social meaning derives from an awareness of the style in which something is written and spoken and of the relationship between speaker and hearer—whether that relationship is formal, official, casual, polite, or friendly. (iv) The thematic meaning: This is the meaning which is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organises the message in terms of ordering, focus and emphasis. It is often felt, for example, that an active sentence has a different meaning from its passive equivalent although its conceptual meaning seems to be the same. In the sentences: Mrs. Smith donated the first prize The first prize was donated by Mrs. Smith the thematic meaning is different. In the first sentence it appears that we know who Mrs. Smith is, so the new information on which the emphasis is laid is ‘the first prize’. In the second sentence, however, the emphasis is laid on ‘Mrs. Smith’. It is sometimes difficult to demarcate all these categories of meaning. For example, it may be difficult to distinguish between conceptual meaning and social meaning in the following sentences: He stuck the key in his pocket. He put the key in his pocket. We could argue that these two sentences are conceptually alike, but different in social meaning––the first one adopts a casual or informal style, the second adopts a neutral style. However, we could also say that the two verbs are conceptually different: ‘stuck’ meaning ‘put carelessly and quickly’, which is a more precise meaning than simply ‘put’. Of course, it is a matter of choice which word the speaker wishes to use, a more precise one or a neutral one. Some Terms and Distinctions in Semantics (a) Lexical and grammatical meaning Lexical or word meaning is the meaning of individual lexical items. These are of two types: the open class lexical items, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, and the close class items such as prepositions, conjunctions and deter-miners. The open class items have independent meanings, which are defined in the dictionary. The closed class items have meaning only in relation to other words in a sentence; this is called grammatical meaning, which can be understood from a consideration of the structure of the sentence and its relation with other sentences. For example, in the sentence The tiger killed the elephant’, there are three open class items: tiger, kill, elephant. Out of these, two are nouns and one is a verb. There is one closed class tern— ’the’—which occurs before each noun. It has no independent reference of its own and can have meaning only when placed before the nouns. This distinction may help in understanding ambiguity. Thus, if there is ambiguity in a sentence, this can be a lexical ambiguity or a grammatical ambiguity. For example, in the sentence: I saw him near the bank, there is lexical ambiguity, since the item ‘bank’ can mean (a) the financial institution or (b) the bank of a river. However, in the case of: ‘The parents of the bride and the groom were waiting’ there is grammatical ambiguity as the sentence structure can be interpreted in two ways: (a) the two separate noun phrases being ‘the parents of the bride’, and ‘the groom’; or (b) the single noun phrase ‘the parents’ within which there is the prepositional phrase ‘of the bride and the groom’ containing two nouns. The first type of coordination gives us the meaning that the people who were waiting were the parents of the bride and the groom himself. The second type of coordination gives us the meaning that the people who were waiting were the parents of the bride and the parents of the groom. The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meanings. This becomes clear if we compare a pair of sentences such as the following: The dog bit the postman. The postman bit the dog. These two sentences differ in meaning. But the difference in meaning is not due to the difference in the meaning of the lexical items ‘postman’ and ‘dog’, but in the grammatical relationship between the two. In one case  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœdog’ is the subject and ‘postman’ is the object, in the other case the grammatical roles are reversed. There is also the relationship of these nouns with the verb ‘bit’. In the first sentence, the action is performed by the dog, which conforms to our knowledge about dogs, but in the second sentence, the action is performed by the postman which does not match with our knowledge about what postmen do, so there is a sense of incongruity about the second sentence. Only in some exceptional circumstance could we expect it to be comprehensible. (b) Sense and Reference. It has been explained earlier that signs refer to concepts as well as to other signs. A sign is a symbol that indicates a concept. This concept is the reference, which refers in turn to some object in the real world, called the referent. The relationship between linguistic items (e. g. words, sentences) and the non-linguistic world of experience is a relationship of reference. It can be understood by the following diagram given by Ogden and Richards: The objects in the real world are referents, the concept which we have of them in our minds is the reference and the symbol we use to refer to them is the word, or linguistic item. As we have seen, we can explain the meaning of a linguistic item by using other words. The relation of a word with another word is a sense-relation. Therefore, sense is the complex system of relationships that holds between the linguistic items themselves. Sense is concerned with the intra-linguistic relations, i. e. relations within the system of the language itself, such as similarity between words, opposition, inclusion, and pre-supposition. Sense relations include homonymy, polysemy, synonymy and antonymy. Homonyms are different items (lexical items or structure words) with the same phonetic form. They differ only in meaning, e. g. the item ‘ear’ meaning ‘organ of hearing’ is a homonym of the item ‘ear’ meaning ‘a stem of wheat’. Homonymy may be classified as: (a) Homography: a phenomenon of two or more words having the same spellings but different pronunciation or meaning, e. g. lead /led/ = metal; lead/li:d/ = verb. (b) Homophony: a phenomenon of two or more words having the same pronunciation but different meanings or spellings, e. g.sea/see, knew/new, some/ sum, sun/son. It is difficult to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy as in polysemy, the ‘same’ lexical item has different meanings, e. g. ‘bank*’, ‘face*’: Two lexical items can be considered as synonyms if they have the same denotative, connotative and social meaning and can replace each other in all contexts of occurrence. Only then can they be absolutely synonymous. For example, ‘radio’ and ‘wireless’ co-existed for a while as synonyms, being used as alternatives by speakers of British English. But now, ‘wireless’ is not used frequently. What we consider as synonyms in a language are usually near-equivalent items, or descriptive items. For example, ‘lavatory’, ‘toilet’, ‘WC’, ‘washroom’ are descriptive or near-equivalent synonyms in English. Antonyms are lexical items which are different both in form as well as meaning. An antonym of a lexical item conveys the opposite sense, e. g. single-married, good-bad. But this gives rise to questions of what is an opposite or contrasted meaning. For example, the opposite of ‘woman’ could be ‘man’ or girl’ since the denotation of both is different from that of ‘woman’. Thus we need to modify our definition of antonymy. We can say that some items are less compatible than other items. There can be nearness of contrast or remoteness of contrast. Thus ‘man’ or ‘girl’ is contrasted to ‘woman’ but less contrasted than ‘woman’ and ‘tree’. In this sense, ‘woman’ and ‘man’ are related, just as ‘girl’ and ‘boy’ are related, in spite of being contrasted. Other meaning-relations of a similar nature are: mare/stallion, cow/bull, ram/ewe etc. , all based on gender distinctions. Another set of meaning relations can be of age and family relationship: father/son, uncle/nephew, aunt/ niece. In this, too, there are differences in the structures of different languages. In Urdu, for instance, gender distinction or contrast may be marked by a change in the ending of the noun (e. g. /gho:? a:/gho:? i:/ for ‘horse’ and ‘mare’ respectively) or, in some cases, by a different word (e. g. /ga:e/bael/ for ‘cow’ and ‘bull’ respectively). In English, there are usually different words to mark contrast in gender except in a few cases (e. g. elephant, giraffe). The evolution of a complex system of sense relations is dependent on the way in which the objects of the world and the environment are perceived and conceptualized by the people who make that language. For example, Eskimos have many words related in meaning to ‘snow’ because snow in different forms is a part o their environment. In English, there are only two ‘snow’ and ‘ice’, while in Urdu there is only one: ‘baraf’. This reflects the importance that a particular object or phenomena may have for a certain community. Another kind of sense-relationship is hyponymy. Hyponymy is the relation that holds between a more general and more specific lexical item. For example, ‘flower’ is a more general item, and ‘rose’, ‘lily’, etc. are more specific. The more specific item is considered a hyponym of the more general item—’rose’ is a hyponym of ‘flower’. The specific item includes the meaning of the general. When we say ‘rose’, the meaning of ‘flower’ is included in its meaning. ‘Rose’ is also hyponymous to ‘plant’ and ‘living thing’ as these are the most general categories. The combination of words to produce a single unit of meaning is also a part of sense-relations in a language. Compounds are made, which often do not mean the same as the separate words which they consist of. Thus, while ‘black bird’ can be understood to mean ‘a bird which is black’, ‘strawberry’ cannot be understood to mean ‘a berry made of straw’. Similarly, ‘fighter’ can be considered to be a noun made up of the morphemes ‘fight’ + ‘er’, but ‘hammer’ cannot be considered as made up of ‘ham’ + ‘er’. Phrasal verbs and idioms are also a case of such sense relations. The verbs ‘face up to’, ‘see through’, ‘look upon’, etc. have a composite meaning. Collocations such as ‘heavy smoker’ and ‘good singer’ are not mere combinations of heavy + smoker meaning ‘the smoker is heavy’ or ‘good + singer’. They mean ‘one who smokes heavily’ or ‘one who sings well’. The collocated unit has a meaning which is a composite of both that is why we cannot say ‘good smoker’ and ‘heavy singer’. All these sense-relations are peculiar to a language and every language develops its own system of sense-relations. (c) Sentence-meaning and Utterance-meaning A distinction may be drawn between, sentence-meaning and utterance-meaning. This is because a speaker may use a sentence to mean something other than what is normally stated in the sentence itself. As discussed earlier, sentence meaning is a combination of lexical and grammatical meaning. In addition to this, intonation may also affect sentence meaning. For example, ‘I don’t like COFFEE’ means that the speaker does not like coffee, but may like some other drink; ‘I don’t like coffee’ means that the speaker doesn’t like coffee but someone else does. Speakers can use intonation to change the emphasis and thus the meaning of the sentence. Further, a sentence may be used by a speaker to perform some act, such as the act of questioning, warning, promising, threatening, etc. Thus, a sentence such as ‘Its cold in here’ could be used as an order or request to someone to shut the window, even though it is a declarative sentence. Similarly, an interrogative sentence such as ‘Could you shut the door? ’ can be used to perform the act of requesting or commanding rather than that of questioning (The speaker is not asking whether the hearer is able to shut the door, but is requesting the hearer to actually do the action). Usually such use of sentences is so conventional that we do not stop to think of the literal sentence meaning, we respond to the speaker’s act of requesting, etc., which is the utterance meaning. This is the meaning that a sentence has when a speaker utters it to perform some act, in particular appropriate circumstances. (d) Entailment and Presupposition One sentence may entail other sentence—that is, include the meaning of other sentence in its meaning, just as hyponymy includes the meaning of other word. For example, the sentence ‘The earth goes round the sun’ entails (includes) the meaning ‘The earth moves’. A sentence may presuppose other sentences, e. g. the sentence ‘Shamim’s son is named Rahat’ presupposes the sentence ‘Shamim has a son’. Presupposition is the previously known meaning which is implied in the sentence. While entailment is a logical meaning inherent in the sentence, presupposition may depend on the knowledge of the facts, shared by the speaker and the hearer. Theories of Semantics a) Traditional Approach: We have noted earlier that meaning was always a central concern with thinkers. This has been the root of much divergent opinions and definitions of meaning. However, there was little doubt that there are two sides of the issue : symbolic realization, whether in utterance or in writing, and the thing symbolised. Plato’s Cratylus clearly lays down that word is the signifier (in the language) and the signified is the object (in the world). Words are, therefore, names, labels that denote or stand for. Initially, a child learns to know his world, and his language in this manner. He is pointed out the objects and people; names are given to them, and in his mind link or association between the names and the external world is established. Children have always been taught their language in this manner. This is also perhaps the way the earliest thinkers tried to understand the world through linguistic medium. That could be the reason why William Labov was prompted to say, ‘In many ways, the child is a perfect historian of the language’. This simple view of the relationship between name and things is diagrammatically shown below. However, this is an extremely simplistic theory and it would be wrong to say the child simply learns the names of things. Gradually, and simultaneously, he learns to ‘handle the complexities of experience along with the complexities of language’. b) Analytical/Referential Approach: Between the symbol and the object/thing there is an intervening phenomenon which is recognized as ‘the mediation of concepts of the mind’. De Saussure and I. A. Richards and C. K. Ogden are the best-known scholars to hold this view. The Swiss linguist de Saussure postulated the link, a psychological associative bond, between the sound image and the concept. Ogden and Richards viewed this in the shape of a triangle. The linguistic symbol or image, realized as a word or sentence and the referent, the external entities are mediated by thought or reference. There is no direct relation between the sign and the object but ‘our interpretation of any sign is our psychological reaction to it’ (Ogden). The meaning of a word in the most important sense of the word is that part of a total reaction to the word which constitutes the thought about what the word is intended for and what it symbolizes. Thus thought (the reference) constitutes the symbolic or referential meaning of a word (YevgenyBasin : 32-33). Linguistics, in the opinion of de Saussure, operates on the borderland where the elements of sound and thought combine : their combination produces a form, not a substance. When we see an object, a bird, for example, we call it referent; its recollection is its image. It is through this image that the sign is linked to the referent. The symbol is manifested in the phonetic form and the reference is the information the hearer is conveyed. This process thus established, makes meaning a ‘reciprocal’ and reversible relation between name and sense. One can start with the name and arrive at the meaning or one can start with the meaning and arrive at the name/s. The referential or ‘analytical’ approach, as it is also known, tries to avoid the functional domain of language, and seeks rather to understand meaning by identifying its primary components. This approach is the descendant of the ancient philosophical world-view, and carries its limitations. It ignores the relatively different positions at which the speaker and the hearer are situated. Their positions make a reciprocal and reversible relationship between name and sense (Ullmann). This approach also overlooks other psychological, non-physical processes which donot depend upon the linguistic symbol, the reception of the sound waves for recognising the meaning of the object/thing. A word usually has multiple meaning and is also associated with other words. Which of the meanings will be received depends upon the situations. (c) Functional Approach In the year 1953 L. Wittgenstein’s work Philosophical Investigation was published. Around this time Malinowski and J. R. Firth were working to formulate the ‘operational character of scientific concepts like ‘length’, ‘time’ or ‘energy’; they tried to grasp the meaning of a word by observing the uses to which it is put instead of what is said about it. They approached the problem by including all that is relevant in establishing the meaning – the hearers, their commonly shared knowledge and information, external objecs, and events, the contexts of earlier exchange and so on, and not by excluding them. This approach can directly be linked to the concept of the Context of situation being developed by the London group which viewed social processes as significant factor in explaining a speech event. While the referential approach took an idealist position, dealing, as someone said, with ‘meaning in language’, the functional theory or the operational theory took a realistic stand, taking ‘speech’ as it actually occurred. Words are considered tools and whole utterances are considered. Meaning is thus seen to involve a ‘set of multiple and various relations between the utterances’ and its segments and the relevant components of environment’ (Robins). In placing special emphasis on language as a form of behaviour – as something that we perform, the functional approach shares a lot with systemic linguistics. Language is a form a behaviour which is functional, ‘something that we do with a purpose, or more often, in fact, with more than one purpose. It is viewed as a form of functional behaviour which is related to the social situation in which it occurs as something that we do purposefully in a particular social setting’ (Margaret Berry). The systemic organization of a language is sought to be understood through its relations with the social situations of language. According to this theory, meaning is classified into two broad categories, Contextual Meaning and Formal Meaning. Contextual meaning relates a formal item or pattern to an element of situation.